(Bloomberg) -- Investors are piling into stocks of bankrupt companies, wagering against a court process that routinely wipes out shareholders.

Car renter Hertz Global Holdings Inc., oil driller Whiting Petroleum Corp. and retailer J.C. Penney Co. are among companies that have seen their shares more than double in recent trading sessions despite being in Chapter 11 bankruptcy, a process that allows companies to keep operating while working out a plan to repay creditors.

“I have always thought people have a psychological urge to buy stocks at a low price,” Kirk Ruddy, a former bankruptcy claims trader. Retail investors may be buying big names they recognize without realizing how rare it is for shareholders to get anything back in bankruptcy, Ruddy said.

“If you look at the markets in general, people don’t know where to put their money. They are like ‘Hey, I’m going to try that $1 stock,”’ said Ruddy, who now works in sales for SC Lowy Financial HK Ltd.On Tuesday, J.C. Penney shareholders will press a federal judge to appoint a court-approved committee to represent them in the bankruptcy case. Getting official status would mean forcing the retailer to pay for lawyers and financial advisers who would work on behalf of shareholders. Judges rarely grant such requests for two reasons: The legal fees can be expensive and under the so-called absolute priority rule, all the debt of a company must be paid before shareholders can collect anything.

Some of the rally in bankrupt shares might be attributable to short covering, when traders who have bet against a company close their positions by re-buying shares, lifting prices. But the rally could also be fueled by amateur traders, bored in lockdown and looking for a quick buck, using platforms such as Robinhood. The number of Robinhood users holding both Hertz and Whiting Petroleum shares surged after the companies filed for bankruptcy, according to Robintrack, a website unaffiliated with the stock trading platform that uses data to show trends.

“No one ever loses equity in a bankruptcy case,” U.S. Bankruptcy Judge David Jones said in court on May 28. “Equity gets lost long before the case is filed.”

Under U.S. bankruptcy law, shareholders are last in line for any kind of payout -- behind the lawyers, lenders, and vendors -- making a recovery for shares unusual. The size and scope of payouts is usually determined by a so-called Chapter 11 plan, which creditors vote on and send to a federal judge for approval. Those plans often leave even high-ranking creditors getting less than they’re owed.

The price hikes among the bankrupt include:

• Hertz, which climbed 95% since it filed bankruptcy on May 22
• J.C. Penney, up 167% since May 15
• Whiting Petroleum, up 835% since April 1

Companies that have begun planning for bankruptcy also saw their shares surge Monday, including:

• Chesapeake Energy Corp. jumped 182%
• GNC Holdings Inc. rose 106%

Representatives for Chesapeake, Hertz and Whiting did not reply to a request for comment. GNC and J.C. Penney declined to comment.

Meanwhile, bond traders have been driving down the prices of many of the company’s debt securities, implying a less-than-full recovery for creditors who are ranked well ahead of shareholders.

Whiting Petroleum, on the other hand, does have a plan on file which calls for a payout to current stockholders in the form of new shares. But as with most everything in bankruptcy, the plan is subject to court approval and could face challenges from higher-ranking creditors.

Shareholders can try form an official group in a bankruptcy case and argue that they deserve a recovery, but such efforts rarely succeed or result in minuscule settlements.

©2020 Bloomberg L.P.